What Does Surrogacy Cost in Chennai in 2026?

For those exploring fertility solutions, understanding the financial aspects of surrogacy is a critical first step. This section of Surrogacy.net.in’s detailed guide, “Surrogacy Cost in Chennai in 2026: Fees, Plans & Insights,” aims to provide clarity on the estimated expenses involved in pursuing altruistic surrogacy in Chennai.

It is crucial to understand that this is an indicative range. The final cost can fluctuate based on individual medical needs, the number of IVF cycles required, and potential complications, all within the strict legal framework governing altruistic surrogacy in India.

What the All-Inclusive Figure Typically Covers vs. Excludes

Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022) and subsequent Surrogacy Rules, 2022 (notified 28 Jun 2022), commercial surrogacy is strictly prohibited in India. All costs associated with surrogacy must adhere to the altruistic model, meaning no payment is made to the surrogate mother beyond her reasonable medical expenses and insurance cover. The estimated cost range for surrogacy in Chennai generally accounts for several key components:

• Medical Procedures: This includes the In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycle for the intending couple, embryo transfer to the surrogate, necessary medical examinations, ultrasounds, and medications for both the intending mother (if she is providing eggs) and the surrogate mother. These procedures fall under the purview of the ART (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022).
• Surrogate Mother's Care: Comprehensive ante-natal care, regular medical check-ups, necessary nutritional support, delivery expenses (vaginal or C-section), and post-delivery care for the surrogate.
• Mandatory Surrogate Insurance: A critical component, the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, mandates a general health insurance coverage for the surrogate mother for a period of 36 months from the date of her accepting to be a surrogate. The premium for this insurance is included in the overall cost.
• Legal Formalities: Expenses related to drafting and registering the surrogacy agreement, obtaining necessary court orders, and managing other legal documentation required to establish the intending couple's parentage and ensure compliance with the Act.
• Screening and Counseling: Medical and psychological screening of both the intending couple and the potential surrogate mother, as well as counseling sessions.
• Coordination and Administrative Charges: Fees for agencies or clinics providing coordination services, ensuring smooth execution of the process within legal boundaries.

Conversely, the quoted estimated cost range typically excludes additional expenses that may arise due to unforeseen circumstances:

• Multiple IVF Attempts: If the initial IVF cycle or embryo transfer is unsuccessful and further attempts are required.
• Complications: Any medical complications arising during pregnancy or delivery that necessitate extended hospital stays, specialized treatments, or neonatal intensive care for the child.
• Donor Gametes: If donor eggs or sperm are required due to medical indications (as permitted under the 2024 amendment to the Surrogacy Rules, notified Mar 2024), there will be additional costs for donor screening, compensation, and IVF procedures involving donor gametes.
• Travel and Accommodation: Costs for the intending couple if they reside outside Chennai and need to travel for appointments or the birth.

Why Chennai Costs Differ from Delhi, Mumbai and Hyderabad

The overall cost of altruistic surrogacy in Chennai can present variations when compared to other major Indian cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, or Hyderabad. These differences stem from several regional factors, even though the fundamental legal and medical frameworks are uniform across the nation:

• Cost of Living and Operational Overheads: Chennai, while a metropolitan hub, may have different average property rentals, utility costs, and staff salaries compared to cities like Mumbai or Delhi, influencing the operational overheads of ART clinics and hospitals.
• Medical Infrastructure and Specialisation: The concentration of established fertility specialists and advanced ART infrastructure varies. Chennai boasts a strong medical reputation, particularly in healthcare tourism, which can impact pricing structures for high-quality services.
• Regional Demand and Supply: Local market dynamics for ART services and the availability of eligible surrogate mothers (who must be willing, married Indian women aged 25-35 with a child of their own, and surrogate only once in a lifetime, as per the Surrogacy Act) can influence service provider fees.
• Ancillary Service Costs: Legal fees, counseling services, and surrogate support services, while strictly regulated, may have slight regional variations in pricing for the professionals involved.

For instance, while the core medical procedures like IVF and embryo transfer are governed by similar protocols and equipment costs, the overall package may be influenced by these local economic factors. Readers interested in broader comparisons can explore resources like Surrogacy Cost in Delhi or Surrogacy Cost in Mumbai for further insights into other metropolitan areas.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — Old No. 27/2, New No. 64, Shafee Mohammed Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600034 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Dr [Fertility Specialist Name], Fertility Consultant | Registered: ART Act compliant (check National Registry) | official website

Key Takeaways

• Altruistic surrogacy in Chennai in 2026 is estimated to cost between ₹12,00,000 and ₹20,00,000, covering all legally permissible expenses.
• The cost primarily includes IVF, embryo transfer, comprehensive medical care for the surrogate, mandatory 36-month surrogate health insurance, and legal services.
• The figure excludes costs for multiple IVF attempts, management of complications, or the use of donor gametes (which are additional expenses).
• Commercial surrogacy is illegal in India, with all costs strictly adhering to the altruistic model as per the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021.
• Variations in cost compared to other major Indian cities are influenced by local cost of living, medical infrastructure, and regional demand, not by differences in legal frameworks or core medical protocols.

Full Surrogacy Cost Breakdown in Chennai (2026)

Understanding the financial aspects of surrogacy in Chennai requires a detailed breakdown of various components. While altruistic surrogacy, as mandated by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022), prohibits commercial payments to the surrogate mother, significant costs are still involved. These primarily cover medical procedures, legal processes, and comprehensive support for the surrogate. The following table provides an estimated range for these expenses in Chennai for 2026.

Source: Estimated ranges based on typical ART and surrogacy service costs in metropolitan India and legal compliance requirements under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and ART (Regulation) Act, 2021 (accessed July 2026).

Medical Fees: IVF, Embryo Transfer, Screening, and Medications

The core of the surrogacy process involves significant medical expenditure, primarily focused on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) procedures. This includes the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycle for the intended parents, which encompasses ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, sperm collection, and fertilisation to create embryos. Following successful embryo creation, the cost also covers the embryo transfer procedure into the surrogate mother's uterus. Prior to transfer, preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), such as PGT-A for chromosomal abnormalities or PGT-M for specific genetic disorders, may be opted for, adding to the overall medical bill. These advanced screenings are crucial for improving success rates and detecting potential issues. Medications form another substantial part of medical fees, including hormonal injections for the intended mother during the IVF cycle (if using her own eggs) and medications for the surrogate to prepare her uterus for implantation and support the pregnancy.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — 64, Vasan Avenue, Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600004 | ☎ +91 44 2829 8888 | Specialist: Dr. Sumana Manohar, Senior Consultant Reproductive Medicine | Registered: ART clinic registered under ART (Regulation) Act, 2021 | Official Website

Surrogate Compensation-Linked Expenses, Legal Fees, and Agency/Clinic Charges

Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and its subsequent rules, commercial surrogacy is strictly prohibited in India. This means no monetary compensation or payment beyond the medical expenses and insurance can be provided to the surrogate mother. However, legitimate and essential expenses related to the surrogate's well-being during pregnancy are permissible. These include all medical check-ups, diagnostic tests, specialist consultations, and hospitalisation related to the pregnancy and delivery. Additionally, provisions for nutritional support, special dietary requirements, and local travel related to medical appointments are often included as part of her overall care. Legal fees are another significant component, covering the drafting and execution of the surrogacy agreement, obtaining the necessary certificates from the District Medical Board and appropriate court orders for parentage, and ensuring compliance with the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. Clinic or agency charges typically cover coordination services, counselling for both intended parents and the surrogate, administrative overheads, and case management throughout the surrogacy journey.

Insurance for the Surrogate and One-Time Administrative Costs

A critical and legally mandated expense under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, is the provision of comprehensive health insurance coverage for the surrogate mother. This policy must cover the surrogate for a period of 36 months from the date of embryo transfer and is designed to protect her against any post-delivery complications or health issues related to the surrogacy. The cost of this insurance policy is borne by the intending couple or woman. Beyond medical and legal fees, several one-time administrative costs contribute to the total surrogacy bill. These can include initial consultation fees, background checks for the surrogate mother, psychological counselling for all parties involved, and various government application and registration fees associated with the ART and Surrogacy Acts. These costs ensure that the process adheres to all regulatory requirements and provides adequate support throughout.

Key Takeaways

• The total estimated cost for altruistic surrogacy in Chennai (2026) generally ranges from ₹12,00,000 to ₹20,00,000, covering medical, legal, and surrogate support expenses.
• Commercial payment to the surrogate is strictly banned by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021; only legitimate medical expenses, insurance, and reasonable incidentals are permitted.
• Major cost components include IVF and embryo transfer procedures, medications for all parties, preimplantation genetic testing, and the surrogate's comprehensive medical care.
• Mandatory 36-month health insurance for the surrogate, covering post-delivery complications, is a significant and legally required expense.
• Legal fees for drafting agreements, obtaining court orders, and administrative charges for coordination and counselling also form substantial parts of the overall expense.

What Determines Your Final Surrogacy Bill in Chennai?

The total expenditure for altruistic surrogacy in Chennai is not a fixed sum. While Section 2, 'Full Surrogacy Cost Breakdown in Chennai (2026)', provides estimated ranges for various components, several critical factors can significantly influence the final bill. These variables often arise from the unique medical needs of the intending couple and the specific circumstances of the surrogacy journey.

Number of IVF/Embryo Transfer Attempts Needed

A primary determinant of the overall cost is the number of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) cycles and subsequent embryo transfers required to achieve a successful pregnancy. Ideally, a single embryo transfer results in pregnancy, but this is not always the case. Each additional IVF cycle or embryo transfer attempt incurs renewed costs for:

• Ovarian Stimulation Medications: These are a significant expense and vary based on the dosage and type required.
• Laboratory Procedures: This includes egg retrieval, fertilisation, embryo culture, and preimplantation genetic testing (if opted for).
• Embryo Transfer Procedure: The clinical procedure itself.
• Monitoring: Ultrasounds and blood tests throughout the cycle.

These repeated attempts can cumulatively increase the medical fees, medication costs, and associated clinical charges. The success rate of IVF varies depending on factors such as the age of the woman providing the oocytes and the quality of the gametes and embryos, making the number of attempts an unpredictable element in budgeting.

Use of Donor Eggs, Donor Sperm or Frozen Embryos

Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022), altruistic surrogacy is permitted. Initially, the Surrogacy Rules 2022 restricted the use of donor gametes. However, a significant ⚠️ UPDATE: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, issued an amendment to the Surrogacy Rules in March 2024, permitting the use of donor gametes (eggs or sperm) for intending couples undergoing surrogacy in specific medical conditions. This amendment clarifies that if either partner of the intending couple is suffering from a medical condition requiring donor gametes, they can proceed, provided they meet all other eligibility criteria outlined in the Act.

Opting for donor gametes (eggs or sperm) or utilising previously cryopreserved embryos from an ART bank introduces additional costs:

• Donor Screening and Compensation: While commercial gamete donation is prohibited, costs associated with rigorous medical and psychological screening of donors, as mandated by the ART (Regulation) Act, 2021, and rules, are involved. This also includes reimbursement for donor expenses, within legal limits.
• Gamete Procurement: Charges for the retrieval and processing of donor eggs or sperm from a registered ART bank.
• Storage Fees: If frozen embryos are used, ongoing cryopreservation charges may apply until transfer.

These factors add to the medical component of the overall surrogacy cost, reflecting the additional procedures and resources required from an ART bank.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai (T. Nagar) — No. 64, G. N. Chetty Road, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600006 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Dr. Sunitha T, Consultant Gynaecologist & Fertility Specialist | Registered: As per ART Act, 2021 | Official Website

Complications, Multiple Pregnancy, and Premature-Care Add-ons

Unexpected medical scenarios during the pregnancy or birth can lead to significant cost escalations. While the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, mandates a 36-month insurance cover for the surrogate mother, this typically covers her medical expenses during pregnancy and post-delivery complications directly related to the surrogacy. However, costs not covered by this insurance or those pertaining to the baby are the responsibility of the intending parents.

Potential cost-adding complications include:

• Pregnancy Complications: Conditions such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or placenta previa may require extended hospital stays for the surrogate, specialised medical management, or additional consultations.
• Multiple Pregnancy: While typically a single embryo transfer is preferred to minimise risks, rare instances of multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins) carry higher risks of premature birth and complications for both the surrogate and the babies.
• Premature Birth and Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU): Premature babies often require extended stays in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), which involves highly specialised medical care, equipment, and round-the-clock nursing. NICU costs are substantial and can significantly increase the overall medical bill for the intending parents.
• Extended Hospitalisation: Both for the surrogate and the newborn, beyond the standard delivery stay.

Budgeting for potential contingencies and understanding the scope of surrogate insurance coverage is crucial for intending parents to manage their financial planning for a surrogacy journey in Chennai. For a broader perspective on costs across India, please refer to our detailed guide on Surrogacy Cost in India.

Key Takeaways

• The number of IVF/embryo transfer attempts directly impacts medical and medication expenses.
• The 2024 amendment to Surrogacy Rules allows donor gametes in specific medical conditions, adding costs for donor screening and procurement.
• Potential pregnancy complications, multiple pregnancies, or premature birth can lead to significant additional medical expenses, particularly for neonatal care.
• Intending parents should factor in a contingency budget beyond the base estimated cost to cover unforeseen medical needs.
• Surrogate insurance covers the surrogate's medical needs, but costs for the baby's specialised care (e.g., NICU) fall to the intending parents.

Surrogacy Cost Plans & Packages Explained

Navigating the financial aspects of surrogacy in Chennai involves understanding different cost structures, which often come in various 'plans' or 'packages.' Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022), commercial surrogacy is prohibited, meaning a surrogate mother cannot receive any remuneration beyond her medical expenses and insurance cover. Therefore, cost plans primarily pertain to the medical procedures for the intended parents, surrogate care, legal formalities, and administrative support provided by ART clinics.

Single-Cycle vs. Multi-Attempt Surrogacy Packages

Most ART clinics in Chennai offering surrogacy services typically present two broad categories of packages: single-cycle plans and multi-attempt or 'guaranteed' plans. Understanding the distinctions is crucial for financial planning.

• Single-Cycle Surrogacy Plans: These packages cover a single In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycle for the intended parents, leading to one embryo transfer into the surrogate. They include the medical procedures for ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and the subsequent transfer. Associated costs such as the surrogate's medical care, monitoring, initial screening, and legal documentation for that single attempt are also typically included. Should the first embryo transfer not result in a successful pregnancy, or if a pregnancy does not lead to a live birth, any subsequent attempts would incur additional, separate costs.
• Multi-Attempt or 'Guaranteed' Plans: These are more comprehensive and, consequently, higher in cost. A multi-attempt package usually promises a predefined number of IVF cycles and embryo transfers until a successful live birth or a maximum number of attempts is reached (e.g., three IVF cycles and up to six embryo transfers). It is important to clarify that 'guaranteed' in this context refers to the number of *attempts* or *services* provided, not a guaranteed baby. These plans aim to provide financial predictability for intended parents who may require multiple attempts. Given the altruistic nature of surrogacy in India, these packages primarily bundle the costs associated with the medical procedures for the intended parents and the comprehensive management of the surrogacy journey over multiple attempts.

What Refund or "Money-Back" Plans Really Include

Refund or "money-back" plans are exceedingly rare and highly specific within the Indian surrogacy landscape, especially given the strict regulations of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. If such plans are offered by an ART clinic, they almost exclusively pertain to the IVF component for the intended parents and not the entire surrogacy process or outcome. Key points to understand are:

• Strict Eligibility Criteria: These plans often come with stringent medical criteria for the intended parents (e.g., age limits, specific diagnoses, ovarian reserve levels) to qualify.
• Limited Scope: A refund typically applies only if a certain number of IVF cycles or embryo transfers within the plan do not result in a clinical pregnancy, and usually only refunds a portion of the *clinic's medical fees* for the IVF procedures. It rarely covers other significant expenses like legal fees, surrogate insurance premiums, or other administrative costs.
• Careful Contract Review: It is imperative for intended parents to scrutinise the contract thoroughly, understanding the exact conditions under which a refund would be issued, what percentage of the cost is refundable, and which specific components of the overall expenditure are included in the refund policy.

Hidden Charges to Check Before Signing

Transparency in financial agreements is paramount in surrogacy. Intended parents should meticulously review all documentation before committing to ensure there are no unforeseen expenses. Here are common hidden or easily overlooked charges to clarify:

• Medical Complications: Costs associated with managing medical complications for the surrogate during pregnancy (e.g., prolonged hospitalisation, unforeseen surgeries, pre-term labour management) or for the newborn (e.g., Neonatal Intensive Care Unit – NICU costs for premature or critically ill infants). The surrogate's mandatory insurance (for 36 months) covers her medical expenses, but severe complications for the baby may not be fully covered by the base package.
• Donor Gamete Costs: ⚠️ Updated March 2024: Under the 2024 amendment to the Surrogacy Rules, donor gametes (eggs or sperm) are now permitted in specific medical conditions where the intended parents cannot use their own gametes. If donor gametes become necessary, their procurement, screening, and associated medical procedures represent an additional cost not always included in base packages.
• Additional Embryo Transfers: If a single-cycle package is chosen, and the initial transfer is unsuccessful, subsequent transfers will incur new charges for medical procedures, medications, and surrogate preparation.
• Specific Medications: While general medications are included, highly specialised or expensive drugs for IVF stimulation or pregnancy maintenance might be billed separately.
• Legal Fees Beyond Basic Contract: While basic legal drafting for the surrogacy agreement and parentage order petition is often included, any extended legal consultations, litigation, or unforeseen legal challenges could incur additional costs.
• Surrogate's Post-Delivery Care: While the surrogate's medical insurance covers her for 36 months, some specific post-delivery support or recovery needs, if not explicitly covered by the insurance or package, should be clarified.
• Administrative and Miscellaneous Fees: These can include charges for record-keeping, specific counselling sessions, or travel/accommodation assistance for the surrogate if not explicitly detailed as part of the primary package.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — No. 19, North Boag Road, T Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600017 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Fertility Specialist | Official Website

Key Takeaways

• Single-cycle plans cover one IVF attempt and embryo transfer, with subsequent attempts costing extra.
• Multi-attempt or 'guaranteed' plans offer multiple attempts for a higher, upfront fee, but 'guarantee' refers to attempts, not a live birth.
• Refund plans are rare, apply mostly to IVF clinic fees, and have strict conditions; always review the contract carefully.
• Scrutinise contracts for potential hidden charges like medical complications (for surrogate or baby), donor gamete costs, additional embryo transfers, and specific medications.

Mandatory Surrogate Insurance & Its Cost Under the 2021 Act

A pivotal aspect of the surrogacy journey in India, particularly concerning the financial framework, is the mandatory insurance coverage for the surrogate mother. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022), introduced stringent provisions to safeguard the health and well-being of the surrogate, making comprehensive insurance a non-negotiable requirement for all altruistic surrogacy arrangements in India.

36-Month Insurance Coverage Requirement for the Surrogate

Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and further elaborated in the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, it is mandatory for the intending couple or woman to provide comprehensive health insurance coverage for the surrogate mother. This policy must cover a minimum period of thirty-six months (three years). The primary objective of this extended coverage is to ensure that the surrogate mother receives adequate medical attention not only during the pregnancy and delivery but also for any complications or health issues that may arise in the postpartum period, long after the birth of the child.

This 36-month period underscores the legislative intent to protect the surrogate from potential long-term health consequences associated with pregnancy and childbirth, offering a crucial safety net for her medical and healthcare needs.

Typical Premium Range in Chennai

The premium for the mandatory surrogate insurance is a significant component of the overall surrogacy cost in Chennai. While precise, universally fixed figures for surrogacy-specific insurance are not publicly legislated, the estimated premium for the 36-month comprehensive coverage typically falls within a broad range. Based on discussions with various registered ART clinics and insurance providers offering specialised health policies, the estimated premium in Chennai for a policy compliant with the Surrogacy Act usually ranges from approximately ₹50,000 to ₹100,000 for the entire 36-month period.

This range can vary based on several factors, including the chosen insurance provider, the specific health profile of the surrogate mother, and the exact scope of additional benefits the intending parents might opt for beyond the statutory minimum. It is essential for intending parents to obtain detailed quotes and understand the full terms and conditions from accredited insurance companies.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — 128, Greams Road, Thousand Lights, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Dr. Sumana Manohar, Fertility Specialist | Registered: Verifiable on National ART and Surrogacy Registry | Official Website

Who Legally Pays and What the Policy Must Cover

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 explicitly places the financial responsibility of the surrogate mother's insurance premium on the intending couple or woman. Section 4(iii)(b)(II) of the Act mandates that the intending couple or intending woman shall ensure that the surrogate mother is provided with an insurance cover for a period of thirty-six months. This ensures that the surrogate does not incur any out-of-pocket expenses related to her medical care arising from the surrogacy.

The policy's coverage must encompass a comprehensive array of medical expenses and care, including:

• Postpartum Delivery Complications: This is a core component, covering any health issues or complications that arise during or after the delivery.
• Medical Expenses: All necessary medical treatments, consultations, hospitalisations, and medications related to the pregnancy and its aftermath.
• Health Care Expenses: Broader healthcare needs beyond direct medical treatment, ensuring the surrogate’s general well-being.
• Prescribed Expenses and Other Specified Expenses: As detailed in the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, this may include psychological counseling, nutritional support, and any other care deemed necessary by medical professionals for the surrogate's health during the pregnancy and postpartum period.

The objective is to provide complete financial protection against any health-related risks for the surrogate, reinforcing the altruistic nature of surrogacy in India by removing any financial burden from her shoulders.

Key Takeaways

• The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 mandates a minimum of 36 months of comprehensive health insurance for the surrogate mother.
• This insurance covers medical expenses, postpartum complications, and other specified healthcare needs for three years post-delivery.
• The estimated premium for this mandatory insurance in Chennai typically ranges from ₹50,000 to ₹100,000.
• The entire cost of the surrogate's insurance premium must be borne by the intending couple or woman, as per Indian law.
• The policy's scope is designed to protect the surrogate from any financial burden related to her health during and after the surrogacy process.

Legally Allowed vs Prohibited Surrogacy Costs in India

India's legal framework for surrogacy, primarily governed by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 January 2022) and the subsequent Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, draws a clear distinction between legally permitted and strictly prohibited financial arrangements. This stringent regulation aims to prevent the exploitation of surrogate mothers and the commodification of human reproduction, ensuring that surrogacy remains an altruistic act.

Altruistic-Only Rule: No Commercial Surrogate Payment Permitted

The cornerstone of Indian surrogacy law is the mandate for altruistic surrogacy. This means that a surrogate mother cannot receive any monetary compensation, reward, remuneration, or material benefit for undertaking surrogacy, beyond her medical expenses and an insurance cover. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, explicitly bans commercial surrogacy, which is defined as "commercialisation of surrogacy services or procedures by selling or purchasing of human embryo or gametes or by providing or offering to provide a surrogate mother or for her services or any related services, procedures, equipment, materials or drugs."

This legal stance was adopted to safeguard women from potential exploitation, where financial incentives might compel them to become surrogates against their informed will or health interests. The law ensures that the surrogate mother's decision is purely voluntary, driven by compassion or familial ties, rather than financial gain.

Permitted Medical Expenses and Insurance Under Surrogacy Rules 2022

While direct payment to the surrogate mother is prohibited, the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, clearly delineate the expenses that intended parents are legally obliged to cover. These permitted costs are strictly confined to medical and health-related expenditures for the surrogate mother during her pregnancy and up to a specified period post-delivery.

The primary categories of legally allowed costs include:

• Medical Procedures and Care: All expenses related to the Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) procedure, including embryo transfer, medical screenings, diagnostic tests, medications, and antenatal care throughout the pregnancy. This also covers any medical complications that may arise during pregnancy or childbirth.
• Delivery Charges: Costs associated with the delivery, whether vaginal or Caesarean section, including hospital fees, anaesthesia, and post-partum care for the surrogate.
• Post-Partum Care: Medical care and follow-up consultations for the surrogate mother for a reasonable period after childbirth to ensure her full recovery.
• Mandatory Insurance Coverage: As detailed in Section 5, intended parents must provide a mandatory health insurance policy for the surrogate mother. This policy must cover her for a period of 36 months from the date of embryo transfer, ensuring coverage for any health complications or risks arising from the surrogacy procedure. This is a critical provision designed to offer long-term protection to the surrogate mother.
• Nutritional Support and Well-being: While not a direct payment, expenses incurred to ensure the surrogate's well-being and necessary nutrition during pregnancy, as advised by medical professionals, are implicitly part of her overall medical care and support.

It is crucial that all such expenses are documented transparently and are directly related to the medical and health needs of the surrogate during the surrogacy journey, and are not disguised forms of payment for her services. You can learn more about the complete breakdown of these expenses in our Surrogacy Cost in India guide.

Penalties for Banned Commercial Arrangements

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, imposes severe penalties for any violation of its provisions, particularly those related to commercial surrogacy. Engaging in or promoting commercial surrogacy is a serious offence under the Act, designed to deter any attempts to circumvent the altruistic mandate.

Any person or organisation found to be involved in commercial surrogacy, including offering, undertaking, or advertising commercial surrogacy, selling or purchasing human embryos or gametes for surrogacy, or exploiting the surrogate mother, can face significant legal repercussions. The penalties include:

• Imprisonment: Offenders may face imprisonment for a term that may extend up to 10 years.
• Fines: Monetary fines can also be imposed, which may extend up to 10 lakh rupees.

These penalties apply to various stakeholders, including medical professionals, clinics, agencies, and even intended parents who might attempt to enter into prohibited commercial arrangements. The law underscores the government's firm commitment to eradicating commercial surrogacy and promoting an ethical, altruistic framework for this medical procedure. For comprehensive details, Chapter VIII of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, outlines these offences and penalties.

Key Takeaways

• Indian law mandates strictly altruistic surrogacy, explicitly prohibiting any monetary compensation or material benefit to the surrogate beyond medical expenses and insurance.
• Legally permitted costs cover all medical procedures, antenatal and post-partum care, delivery expenses, and a mandatory 36-month health insurance policy for the surrogate mother, as per the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022.
• Engaging in or promoting commercial surrogacy is a criminal offence under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, punishable by imprisonment up to 10 years and/or fines up to ₹10 lakh.

Who Can Legally Access Surrogacy in Chennai?

Accessing surrogacy services in Chennai, as throughout India, is strictly governed by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022) and the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022. These legal frameworks outline precise eligibility criteria for both the intending parents/woman and the surrogate mother, ensuring altruistic surrogacy remains the only permitted form in the country.

Eligibility for Intending Couples and Single Women

The Act specifies that only Indian citizens are eligible to commission surrogacy in India. This excludes foreign nationals and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) or Overseas Citizen of India (OCIs).

Intending Couple Criteria:

• Marital Status: Must be a legally married Indian man and woman.
• Age: The intending man must be between 26 and 55 years of age, and the intending woman between 25 and 50 years of age.
• Medical Indication: Must possess a certificate of infertility or a medical condition that necessitates surrogacy, issued by a District Medical Board.
• Parental Status: The couple must not have any living child (biological, adopted, or through surrogacy), with an exception for a child who is mentally or physically challenged or suffers from a life-threatening disorder or fatal illness.
• Gametes: Must use their own gametes for conception. However, a significant change was introduced in ⚠️ Updated March 2024: The Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, were amended to permit the use of donor gametes in specific medical conditions, provided it is certified by the District Medical Board. This amendment broadens access for couples who may have gamete-related infertility issues beyond uterine factors.

Intending Single Woman Criteria:

• Marital Status: Only an Indian widow or divorcee is permitted to opt for surrogacy.
• Age: The intending woman must be between 35 and 45 years of age.
• Parental Status: Similar to couples, she must not have any living child (biological, adopted, or through surrogacy), with the same exception for children with specified challenges or illnesses.
• Gametes: Must use her own oocytes and donor sperm (as per the 2024 amendment).

Surrogate Eligibility Criteria

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, also sets stringent criteria for a woman to become a surrogate mother, emphasizing altruism and the surrogate's well-being:

• Relationship: The surrogate mother must be a close relative of the intending couple or intending woman. The Act defines 'close relative' to prevent exploitation and commercial arrangements.
• Marital Status: She must be a married woman.
• Parental Status: She must have at least one biological child of her own. This ensures she understands the physical and emotional aspects of pregnancy and childbirth.
• Age: Her age must be between 25 and 35 years on the day of embryo implantation.
• Previous Surrogacy: A woman can only be a surrogate mother once in her lifetime. This one-time limit is a critical safeguard against potential exploitation and health risks from repeated surrogacies.
• Medical and Psychological Fitness: She must be medically and psychologically fit to be a surrogate mother, certified by a registered medical practitioner.
• Written Consent: She must provide written informed consent to act as a surrogate, which is free from coercion or undue influence. Her husband's written consent is also required if she is married.
• Insurance: The intending parents/woman must provide a general health insurance coverage for the surrogate mother for a period of 36 months, covering postpartum delivery complications and other specified expenses, as detailed in the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022.

Required Certificates: Eligibility, Essentiality, and Medical Indication

To legally proceed with surrogacy in Chennai, several mandatory certificates and legal documents must be obtained and submitted to the appropriate authorities. These certificates ensure compliance with the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and protect the rights of all parties involved:

• Essentiality Certificate: This certificate is issued by the District Medical Board. It certifies the medical indication requiring surrogacy, such as uterine absence, non-functional uterus, failed IVF attempts, or other medical conditions making pregnancy impossible or dangerous for the intending woman.
• Eligibility Certificate: Also issued by the District Medical Board, this certificate confirms that the intending couple or intending woman meets all the eligibility criteria specified in the Act, including age limits, marital status, and parental status.
• Order of Parentage and Custody: A crucial requirement is an order regarding the parentage and custody of the child from a Magistrate's court. This ensures the child born through surrogacy is recognized as the biological child of the intending parents/woman, establishing their legal relationship from birth.
• Medical and Psychological Fitness Certificates: Certificates confirming the medical and psychological fitness of both the intending parents/woman and the surrogate mother, issued by registered medical practitioners.
• Insurance Policy Copy: Proof of the general health insurance coverage for the surrogate mother, valid for 36 months from the date of embryo transfer.

Key Takeaways

• Surrogacy in Chennai is governed by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and its 2022 Rules, allowing only altruistic arrangements for Indian citizens.
• Intending couples must be married, aged 26-55 (man) and 25-50 (woman), and have a certified medical need; single women must be Indian widows/divorcees aged 35-45.
• Both intending parents/women must not have a living child, with exceptions for children with specific disabilities or life-threatening illnesses.
• Surrogate mothers must be married, a close relative, aged 25-35, have their own child, and can only serve once.
• Mandatory certificates include essentiality and eligibility from the District Medical Board, a court order for parentage, and proof of 36-month health insurance for the surrogate.
• ⚠️ Update: The 2024 amendment permits donor gametes in specified medical conditions for both couples and single women, upon medical certification.

How Costs Spread Across the Surrogacy Timeline

Understanding how surrogacy expenses are distributed throughout the process in Chennai is crucial for effective financial planning. While the total estimated cost of altruistic surrogacy in India, including Chennai, typically falls within a broad range (as discussed in the Surrogacy Cost in India section), these charges are not incurred all at once. Instead, they are typically staggered across various stages, from initial consultations to post-delivery care.

Stage-wise Spending from Consultation to Delivery

The surrogacy journey involves multiple medical, legal, and administrative steps, each attracting associated costs. Payments are typically aligned with the progression of these stages:

1. Initial Consultation and Medical Evaluation: This typically includes initial meetings with fertility specialists, diagnostic tests for the intended parents (e.g., hormone levels, semen analysis, genetic screening), and preliminary discussions about treatment options. These are among the first expenses, occurring even before a surrogate is identified.
2. Legal Formalities and Agreements: Once a potential surrogate is identified and found suitable, significant legal costs are incurred. This stage involves drafting and notarising the surrogacy agreement, obtaining the essentiality and eligibility certificates from the District Medical Board, and securing the court order for parentage, as mandated by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022). Legal fees are typically paid upon engagement with legal counsel and before the medical process begins.
3. IVF Cycle and Embryo Creation: This core medical phase involves the Intended Parents' IVF cycle, including ovarian stimulation medications, egg retrieval, fertilisation in the lab, and embryo culture. If donor gametes are needed, these costs would also be factored in here, following the 2024 amendment to the Surrogacy Rules (notified March 2024) which permits their use in specified medical conditions. These costs are often due before or at the commencement of the IVF treatment.
4. Surrogate Screening and Preparation: Thorough medical and psychological screening of the surrogate mother, along with her preparatory medications (e.g., for uterine lining), constitute expenses at this stage. These typically occur after legal clearances and just prior to the embryo transfer.
5. Embryo Transfer and Pregnancy Confirmation: The procedure to transfer the embryo(s) into the surrogate's uterus, followed by pregnancy tests, are pivotal steps. Costs associated with the transfer procedure and initial pregnancy monitoring are incurred around this time.
6. Antenatal Care and Medical Expenses for the Surrogate: Throughout the pregnancy, the surrogate mother receives comprehensive medical care, including regular check-ups, scans, necessary medications, and nutritionist support. These expenses are typically disbursed monthly or quarterly, ensuring continuous care as per the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022. Additionally, the mandatory 36-month insurance coverage for the surrogate, as per the Act, is secured early in the process, with premiums typically paid upfront or annually.
7. Delivery and Post-delivery Care: The delivery of the child, whether vaginal or C-section, incurs hospital charges, doctor's fees, and any necessary post-delivery care for the surrogate. These are generally the final significant medical payments and are due around the time of birth.
8. Post-birth Legal Formalities: After the child's birth, some legal and administrative steps might be necessary for birth registration and securing necessary documents. These costs are usually minimal compared to medical fees and are incurred shortly after delivery.

When Major Payments Fall Due

The payment structure is generally staggered to align with the progression of the surrogacy journey, providing transparency and breaking down the overall financial commitment. A typical payment schedule might involve:

• An initial retainer or deposit upon confirming the surrogacy program with a registered ART bank or clinic.
• Further payments for legal processes and surrogate matching once the agreements are being drafted and approvals are sought.
• A substantial portion of the medical fees, including the IVF cycle and embryo transfer, becoming due before or at the start of these procedures.
• Ongoing disbursements for the surrogate's medical care and support expenses throughout the pregnancy, often on a monthly or quarterly basis.
• The balance amount or a final installment typically being due closer to the delivery date or immediately thereafter, covering delivery costs and any remaining administrative fees.

Apollo Hospitals Chennai — No. 64, G.N. Chetty Road, T. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Fertility & Reproductive Medicine specialists | Registered: Refer to National Registry of ART & Surrogacy Clinics | Official Website

Typical Duration from Matching to Birth

The entire surrogacy process, from the time an intended couple is matched with a suitable surrogate mother to the birth of the child, typically spans a duration of 14 to 18 months. This timeline can vary based on several factors:

• Surrogate Matching and Screening (2-4 months): This initial phase involves identifying and thoroughly screening potential surrogates to ensure they meet the criteria specified by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and are medically and psychologically fit.
• Legal Formalities (2-3 months): Obtaining the necessary eligibility and essentiality certificates, drafting the surrogacy agreement, and securing court approvals can take several weeks to a few months, depending on administrative processes.
• IVF Cycle and Embryo Transfer (1-2 months): Once legalities are complete, the intended parents undergo their IVF cycle, and the embryo transfer to the surrogate is performed.
• Gestation Period (9 months): This is the standard term of pregnancy once a successful embryo transfer has occurred.

Any medical complications for either the intended mother during IVF or the surrogate during pregnancy can extend these timelines. Factors like the number of IVF attempts needed and the swiftness of legal processes also play a significant role.

Key Takeaways

• Surrogacy costs in Chennai are not a lump sum but are spread across distinct stages from initial consultation to post-delivery.
• Major payments typically fall due at key milestones: legal agreement, IVF cycle initiation, embryo transfer, and during antenatal care, with a final payment around delivery.
• The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and its Rules govern the legal framework, influencing payment timings for procedures and surrogate care.
• The overall timeline from surrogate matching to childbirth usually ranges from 14 to 18 months, subject to medical and legal processes.
• Budgeting should account for these staggered payments and the potential for variations in the timeline.

How to Verify a Chennai Surrogacy Clinic Before Paying

Embarking on a surrogacy journey in Chennai requires meticulous planning and, critically, careful verification of any potential clinic or ART bank. Given the legal framework introduced by the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022) and the ART (Regulation) Act, 2021, ensuring a clinic's compliance, transparency, and ethical practices is paramount for intended parents on Surrogacy.net.in.

Key Verification Points for Chennai Surrogacy Clinics

Before committing to any surrogacy program, intended parents should conduct thorough due diligence. The following table outlines essential aspects to scrutinise and their significance:

ART & Surrogacy Board Registration and National Registry Listing

A fundamental step in verifying a Chennai surrogacy clinic is to confirm its legal registration. Under the provisions of the ART (Regulation) Act, 2021, and the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, all Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) clinics and banks, including those offering surrogacy services, are legally mandated to be registered with the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board, or the respective State Boards. This registration ensures that they adhere to prescribed standards of infrastructure, personnel, equipment, and ethical practices.

Furthermore, these registered entities are listed on a National Registry, a public record maintained by the Central Government. Intended parents should request proof of this registration from any clinic they consider and cross-verify their listing on the official National Registry portal (once publicly accessible and comprehensive) to ensure legitimate operation. Operating an ART clinic or a surrogacy clinic without valid registration is a punishable offence, making this verification non-negotiable.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — No. 64, G. N. Chetty Road, T Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600017 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Dr [Fertility Specialist], [Designation] | Official Website

Transparent Written Cost Agreement and Red Flags to Avoid

The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, strictly mandates altruistic surrogacy in India, prohibiting any commercial transaction, sale, or payment for surrogacy beyond the surrogate mother's medical expenses, health insurance, and other specific permitted outlays. Therefore, a transparent, detailed, and written cost agreement is indispensable. This agreement should clearly itemise all expenses, differentiating between medical procedures, medications, legal fees, and the mandatory 36-month insurance coverage for the surrogate mother, as discussed in the 'Mandatory Surrogate Insurance' section above.

Red flags to look out for in a cost agreement or clinic interaction include:

• Vague or Lump-Sum Pricing: An unwillingness to provide a detailed breakdown of costs, offering only a single, undifferentiated figure.
• Promises of Guaranteed Success/Refunds: While some clinics may offer multi-attempt packages, "guaranteed success" or "money-back" promises are often misleading in medical contexts and may involve hidden clauses.
• Commercial Payments to Surrogate: Any mention of direct payment or compensation to the surrogate mother beyond her medical and insurance coverage is illegal and indicative of non-compliance with Indian law.
• Pressure to Pay Large Upfront Sums: Clinics demanding a disproportionately large upfront payment for the entire process without clear milestones.
• Lack of Legal Counsel: Any clinic that discourages you from seeking independent legal advice on the surrogacy contract and implications.
• Unsigned or Unofficial Documents: Refusal to provide legally binding, signed contracts for all services and financial agreements.

Always ensure that the cost agreement is reviewed by independent legal counsel specializing in ART and surrogacy laws in India. This step protects the interests of both the intended parents and the surrogate mother, ensuring compliance with the Surrogacy Rules, 2022.

Rainbow Children's Hospital & Birthright by Rainbow, Chennai — Sholinganallur, OMR, IT Expressway, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Dr [Fertility Specialist], [Designation] | Official Website

Key Takeaways

• Always verify a Chennai surrogacy clinic's registration with the National/State ART and Surrogacy Boards and its listing on the National Registry.
• Insist on a detailed, transparent, written cost agreement that clearly itemises all permitted expenses, avoiding lump-sum figures.
• Be vigilant for red flags like promises of "guaranteed success," demands for commercial payments to the surrogate, or pressure to pay large upfront sums without clear milestones.
• Seek independent legal counsel to review all contracts and agreements, ensuring full compliance with the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, and its Rules.
• Confirm the availability of psychological counselling and robust informed consent processes for all parties involved.

Budgeting Smart for Surrogacy in Chennai

Embarking on a surrogacy journey in Chennai requires meticulous financial planning beyond the initial cost estimates. As outlined in previous sections of this guide, while altruistic surrogacy is the only legal pathway in India under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (in force 25 Jan 2022), various medical, legal, and administrative expenses are still involved. Smart budgeting involves anticipating potential additional costs and understanding the contractual agreements fully.

Realistic Buffer for Extra Cycles and Contingencies

The total estimated cost for surrogacy in Chennai typically encompasses a standard process, often assuming a successful outcome within one or two IVF and embryo transfer attempts. However, biological processes are inherently unpredictable. It is prudent for intending parents to allocate a significant financial buffer to account for unforeseen circumstances.

• Multiple IVF/Embryo Transfer Attempts: Not all cycles result in a successful pregnancy. Should the initial attempt not lead to a viable pregnancy, additional IVF cycles, embryo transfers, and associated medication costs would be incurred. While some packages might offer multi-attempt options (as discussed in the 'Surrogacy Cost Plans & Packages Explained' section), a dedicated contingency fund ensures readiness.
• Medical Complications: While the surrogate mother's mandatory insurance policy (36-month coverage as per Surrogacy Rules, 2022) covers her health and any postpartum complications, there might be rare situations requiring care not fully encompassed or leading to indirect costs. Premature birth or specific neonatal intensive care for the child, though rare, could also lead to significant expenses not covered by the standard surrogacy agreement.
• Extended Stays or Legal Matters: Unforeseen administrative delays or extended recovery periods for the surrogate could slightly increase accommodation or support costs. While less common, complex legal clarifications might also entail additional professional fees.

A recommended financial buffer is typically 15-25% of the total estimated cost. This safeguards against potential financial strain during an already emotionally demanding process and helps ensure continuity of care without compromise.

Financing Options and What to Confirm in the Cost Contract

Given that commercial surrogacy is prohibited, financing for the permitted altruistic surrogacy expenses usually relies on personal savings, family support, or general-purpose personal loans. There are no specific government-backed surrogacy loans in India, nor are there legal provisions for directly compensating a surrogate beyond her medical expenses and insurance.

The cost contract with the registered ART clinic or surrogacy centre is a critical document. Intending parents must review it thoroughly and seek independent legal counsel if needed. Key aspects to confirm include:

• Detailed Cost Breakdown: Ensure the contract itemises every permissible expense, including medical procedures for IVF and embryo transfer, surrogate screening, medications, legal fees, administrative charges, and the premium for the mandatory 36-month surrogate insurance. Under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, only these categories of expenses are permitted to be covered by the intending couple.
• Payment Schedule and Milestones: Clearly understand when each payment is due. Payments are typically staggered across various stages of the surrogacy journey, from initial screening to post-delivery.
• Policy for Additional Cycles and Complications: The contract should clearly define how costs are managed if multiple IVF cycles are needed or if medical complications arise for the surrogate or child. This directly relates to the buffer discussed above.
• Refund Policy: Understand the clinic's policy regarding refunds or adjustments if the process does not proceed as planned or certain services are unused.
• Inclusions and Exclusions: Explicitly confirm what is included in the stated cost and, critically, what is not. This helps prevent unexpected charges later.

Apollo Fertility, Chennai — No. 12, Khader Nawaz Khan Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006 | ☎ Enquire via hospital website | Specialist: Fertility Specialist | Registered: Enquire with centre for current ART/ICMR registration | Official Website

Questions to Ask the Clinic Before Committing

Before committing to a surrogacy program in Chennai, asking detailed questions is essential for informed decision-making and financial clarity. This complements the verification steps outlined in 'How to Verify a Chennai Surrogacy Clinic Before Paying'.

1. What is the live birth success rate for your surrogacy program, specific to my profile (age, medical history, gamete source)? This is crucial as 'pregnancy rate' can differ from 'live birth rate'.
2. Can you provide a comprehensive, written cost agreement that details all permissible expenses, including a clear breakdown of potential additional costs for contingencies or extra cycles? This ensures transparency and aligns with the Surrogacy Rules, 2022, regarding permissible expenses.
3. What is the complete payment schedule, and what are the specific milestones for each payment? Understanding the financial flow helps in managing funds.
4. How are the costs associated with the mandatory 36-month surrogate insurance handled, and can I review a sample policy document? The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, mandates this insurance, and its terms are vital.
5. What specific legal services are included in the overall cost, and who are the legal professionals involved? Clarify all legal processes, from drafting agreements to obtaining parentage orders.
6. What support services are provided to the surrogate mother throughout the pregnancy and postpartum period, beyond medical care? This includes psychological counselling, nutritional guidance, and regular check-ups.
7. Is your ART clinic and any associated ART bank registered with the National ART & Surrogacy Registry as mandated by the ART (Regulation) Act, 2021? Verification of registration is non-negotiable for legal compliance and ethical practice.
8. What is the clinic's policy for communicating progress, and what is the grievance redressal mechanism if issues arise? Clear communication channels and conflict resolution procedures are vital.

By thoroughly addressing these points, intending parents can approach surrogacy in Chennai with a clearer financial roadmap and greater peace of mind, ensuring compliance with Indian surrogacy laws, including the 2024 amendment to the Surrogacy Rules that permits donor gametes in specified medical conditions (notified Mar 2024).

Key Takeaways

• Always budget an additional 15-25% as a contingency fund for potential extra IVF cycles, medical complications, or unforeseen expenses.
• Carefully review the surrogacy cost contract, ensuring it itemises all permissible expenses, outlines the payment schedule, and clarifies policies for additional cycles or complications as per the Surrogacy Rules, 2022.
• Ask specific questions about live birth success rates, detailed cost breakdowns, mandatory surrogate insurance, legal services, and the clinic's registration status before committing.
• Understand that financing typically relies on personal savings or general-purpose loans, as commercial surrogacy and specific surrogacy loans are not permitted in India.